Understanding Emissions Regulations

• All engines - diesel, gasoline, propane, and natural gas - produce exhaust gas containing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides (NOx)
• These emissions are the result of incomplete combustion. Diesel engines also produce particulate matter
• As more focus is placed on health and environmental issues, governmental agencies throughout the world are enacting more stringent emissions laws

Long Range Plan

Emissions Technologies

• Air-to-Air Aftercooling
• Exhaust Gas Recirculation
• Turbocharging
• Fuel injection systems
• In-Cylinder Solutions
• Exhaust filters
• Full authority electronic Controls

Ait-to-Air Aftercooling

• Keeping air intake temperatures as low as possible controls NOx
• Air-to-air aftercooling reduces intake temperature which increases low-speed torque, power density and reduces NOx.
• Aftercooling enables an engine to meet emissions regulations with better fuel economy and lower installed costs
• This technology has been used on John Deere engines for over 20 years

Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)

• The lower an engine's peak combustion temperature, the less the amount of NOx created
• EGR is an effective method of reducing peak combustion temperature. The concept is simple. during certain conditions of engine operation, the EGR valve opens and a controlled amount of exhaust gas is routed back into the intake manifold and mixed with the incoming fresh air
• Since this process removes some oxygen from the air, the exhaust temperature in the combustion process is lowered and the levels of NOx are reduced
• Cooled EGR, used in John Deere engines reduces NOx while improving engine efficiently and power density (similar to air-to-air aftercooling).

Turbocharging

Turbocharges have been used many years to improve fuel efficiency and maximize power density. Now they help us reduce NOx.

• Fixed Geometry Turbocharger - Fixed geometry turbochargers are sized for a specific power range and optimized to provide excellent performance across the entire torque curve.
• Variable Geometry trubocharger (VGT) - This tailoring is accomplished by the engine control unit (ECU), which changes the pitch of the VGT vanes in order to maximize power and efficiency.

Fuel Injection Systems

High-pressure common-rail fuel system:

• Provides constant control over fuel injection variable such as pressure, timing, duration, and multiple injections
• Delivering higher injection pressures results in more efficient combustion

Electronic Unit Injector

• Electronic Unit Injector (EUI) - For the larger size engines, the EUI fuel injection system is used to increase fuel pressure for more efficient combustion. This helps reduce NOx and PM (particulate matter).
• Mechanical Fuel System - For smaller engines, John deere has been able to meet emissions regulations by making improvement to the mechanical fuel system

In-cylinder Solutions

• Combustion Bowl and Piston Ring Design - Particulate emissions have been reduced on John Deere engines by increasing injection pressure and improving the shape of the combustion bowl located at the top of the piston
• Oil Con troll Strategies - The addition of valve guide seals limits particulates by reducing oil consumption. directed top-liner cooling reduces oil consumption and enhances combustion efficiency
• Premixed Compression Ignition (PCI) - In traditional diesel combustion, the burning occurs in the rich regions of the spray resulting in high temperatures and high NOx. With premixed compression ignition (CPI), multiple fuel injections lower combustion temperature. This technique reduces NOx without using exhaust gas recirculation

Exhaust Filtration

• Combination of Catalyst and Filter - Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) and Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF)

Exhaust Filters / Passive Regeneration

• John Deere IT4 engines above 75 hp utilize a catalyzed exhaust filter that contains a DOC and DPF. The DOC reacts with exhaust gases to reduce carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and some particulate matter (PM).
• The downstream DPT traps and holds the remaining PM.
• Trapped particles are oxidized within the DPF through a continuous cleaning process called passive regeneration
• Passive regeneration occurs during normal operating

Exhaust Filters / Active & Parked Regeneration

• Active Regeneration - If passive regeneration cannot be achieved due to low temperature, load, or speed, the PM is removed using active regeneration--An automatic Cleaning Process controlled by the Exhaust Temperature Management System (ETM).
• Parked Regeneration - Parked or stationary regeneration may be necessary if the active regeneration is overridden by the operator, or in rare instances when the engine does lighter loads, reduced speeds or cool ambient conditions for extended period of time

Full Authority Electronic Controls

• Another key component in emissions reduction is the ECU
• This electronic brain uses signal inputs from sensors and pre-programmed performance modeling to control critical engine functions such as fuel quantity, injection timing, air-to-fuel ration, multiple fuel injection, amount of cooled EGR, and a host of other control parameters to deliver peak fuel economy and engine performance

Engine Oils

• Engine Oil type has always played a role in emissions. However, the technologies needed to meet IT4 and Final tier 4/Stage IV emissions regulations make it even more important
• To meet this need John Deer has developed an engine oil that is formulated to ensure optimum running performance and longevity of IT4 engines
• This John deere engine oil is 100% backward compatible and suitable for engines with or without emissions control devices

ULSD Diesel Required

• Similar to oils, the type of diesel fuel used can also have a significant impact on emission control devices.
• Sulfur content levels of off-highway diesel fuels vary from >5000 parts per million (ppm) to 500 ppm (low sulfur diesel)
• The use of exhaust filters on IT4 engines will require using diesel fuel with a sulfur content of less than 15 ppm (ultra-low sulfur diesel or ULSD)
• Using diesel fuels with a higher sulfur content (greater than 15 ppm) will damage the exhaust filter or catalyst

ULSD Availability

"Refiners in the Rocky Mountain States provide most of the fuel delivered to Central and Eastern Washington. 11 of the 14 refineries expect to provide both on-road and non-road ULSD. Three of the 14 refineries expect to produce a mixture of low sulfur diesel and ULSD.

We can expect non-road ULSD to be readily available in your area in 2011. However, equipment owners should still be careful to insure the fuel they purchase is ULSD." Mike Boyer, Manager of ?Diesel Programs, Air quality Program, WA Dept. of Ecology

The Right Solution for Today and the Future

Today (IT$4)

• John Deere engines 75 hp and above will use the proven Power Tech Plus engine technologies, which include cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), variable geometry turbochargers (VGT) with the addition of an exhaust filter
• The lineup will continue to include 4.5SL, 6.8L, 9.0L, and 13.5L in-line, 4- and 6-cylinder engines

Future (Final Tier 4/Stage IV)

• John Deere is continuously developing and testing the technologies it will adopt to achieve Final Tier 4/Stage IV emissions regulations
• The purpose of final Tier 4 emissions regulations is to further reduce NOx
• For engines 174 hp and greater beginning in January 2014, proven technologies such as cooled EGR and VGT will likely be the foundation for meeting those regulations

Are There Other ways to Control NOx in the Future?

Yes

• NOx adsorbers, or lean NOx traps (LNTs), chemically store NOx during the normally lean operation of a diesel engine. Once saturated, these adsorbers are regenerated, releasing the NOx for reduction during brief periods of rich operation
• Adopting this technology would require adding sophisticated electronic controls as well as addressing issues such as desulfation, thermal stability, and costs due to precious metal content before the widespread application on diesel engines

What About Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)?

• SCR is a technology option that typically reduces NOx emissions downstream on the engine
• This technology utilizes a urea-based additive sometimes referred to as diesel exhaust fluid (DEF)
• SCR may be an appropriate technology for the future when it is more commercially available for off-highway applications; however, for IT4, the cooled EGR and exhaust filter technology approach provides a simple and proven solution

SCR vs. EGR

• The SCR system has been adopted by several manufacturers. Why is John Deere choosing EGR first?
• With IT4, John Deere is not only looking at fuel economy, but also at total fluid economy and ease of use
• The single-fluid approach of cooled EGR technology will be easy for operators to use and will not require additions fluid costs
• John Deere has researched both of the technologies and believes that cooled EGR with the addition of an exhaust filter is the best approach for meeting IT4 emissions regulations

SCR Efficiency Compared to EGR Diesel Engines

• How does the total fluid consumption with a SCR system compare to conventional EGR diesel engines?
• The claim that engines designed to operate on selective catalytic reduction (SCR) consume less fuel is simply not accurate
• When comparing to engines utilizing SCR, we must consider the total fluid consumption and that is the consumption of diesel fuel and diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) additive
• Competitive engine manufacturers who utilize SCR have stated their engines could provide up to 5 percent better fuel economy compared to their non-SCR engines
• When you consider that urea consumption is approximately 3 to 5 percent of diesel fuel consumption and the fact that urea cost is similar to or higher than diesel fuel, there is no advantage for engines utilizing SCR from a total fluid consumption and cost perspective

Best Fuel Efficiency in the Business Continues

The John Deere 8320R outperformed the legendary 8430, as well as all comparable tractors, in two studies at the Nebraska Tractor Test Lab in early 2010. This marks the 8320R as the most fuel efficient tractor in its class.

Test results of tractors using SCR consider diesel fuel consumption only. The consumption of diesel exhaust fluid is not considered.

IT4 Build Dates for Large Ag Products